High-efficiency in situ resonant inelastic x-ray scattering (iRIXS) endstation at the Advanced Light Source. Modular soft x-ray spectrometer for applications in energy sciences and quantum materials. High-resolution, high-transmission soft x-ray spectrometer for the study of biological samples. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. Ion-Solvation-Induced Molecular Reorganization in Liquid Water Probed by Resonant Inelastic Soft X-ray Scattering. Investigation of the Ionic Hydration in Aqueous Salt Solutions by Soft X-ray Emission Spectroscopy. Manganese-cobalt hexacyanoferrate cathodes for sodium-ion batteries. Direct Experimental Probe of the Ni(II)/Ni(III)/Ni(IV) Redox Evolution in LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4Electrodes. Quantitative probe of the transition metal redox in battery electrodes through soft x-ray absorption spectroscopy. Transition metal redox and Mn disproportional reaction in LiMn0.5Fe0.5PO4 electrodes cycled with aqueous electrolyte. Zhuo, Z., Hu, J., Duan, Y., Yang, W., Pan, F.Distinct charge dynamics in battery electrodes revealed by in situ and operando soft X-ray spectroscopy. Journal of the American Chemical Society. Phase Transformation and Lithiation Effect on Electronic Structure of LixFePO4: An In-Depth Study by Soft X-ray and Simulations. Modification of Transition-Metal Redox by Interstitial Water in Hexacyanometallate Electrodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries. Direct evidence of gradient Mn(II) evolution at charged states in LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 electrodes with capacity fading. Revealing and suppressing surface Mn(II) formation of Na0.44MnO2 electrodes for Na-ion batteries. Transition-metal redox evolution in LiNi 0.5 Mn 0.3 Co 0.2 O 2 electrodes at high potentials. Effect of excess lithium in LiMn2O4 and Li1.15Mn1.85O4 electrodes revealed by quantitative analysis of soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Na-Ion Intercalation and Charge Storage Mechanism in 2D Vanadium Carbide. Soft x-ray irradiation effects of Li(2)O(2), Li(2)CO(3) and Li(2)O revealed by absorption spectroscopy. Bivalence Mn5O8 with hydroxylated interphase for high-voltage aqueous sodium-ion storage. Distinct Solid-Electrolyte-Interphases on Sn (100) and (001) Electrodes Studied by Soft X-Ray Spectroscopy. Rhombohedral prussian white as cathode for rechargeable sodium-ion batteries. Toward an Ideal Polymer Binder Design for High-Capacity Battery Anodes. Polymers with tailored electronic structure for high capacity lithium battery electrodes. Why LiFePO4 is a safe battery electrode: Coulomb repulsion induced electron-state reshuffling upon lithiation. Synchrotron X-ray Analytical Techniques for Studying Materials Electrochemistry in Rechargeable Batteries. Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena. Interactions at the electrode-electrolyte interfaces in batteries studied by quasi-in-situ soft x-ray absorption spectroscopy. Key electronic states in lithium battery materials probed by soft X-ray spectroscopy. Soft x-ray spectroscopy for probing electronic and chemical states of battery materials. Anionic redox processes for electrochemical devices. Challenges for Rechargeable Li Batteries. Positive Electrode Materials for Li-Ion and Li-Batteries. Electrical energy storage for the grid: a battery of choices. Electrochemical energy storage for green grid. We provide the details on the experimental techniques and demonstrations revealing the key chemical states in battery materials through these soft X-ray spectroscopy techniques. Here, we present detailed protocols for soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy (sXAS), soft X-ray emission spectroscopy (sXES), and resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) experiments, which are inherently elemental-sensitive probes of the transition-metal 3d and anion 2p states in battery compounds. Incisive tools that could directly probe the chemical reactions in various battery materials are becoming critical to advance the field beyond its conventional trial-and-error approach. Therefore, multiple battery technologies based on different materials and mechanisms need to be developed and optimized. Energy density, power, stability, safety, and cost parameters all have to be balanced in batteries to meet the requirements of different applications. The formidable challenge of developing successful battery technology stems from the different requirements for different energy-storage applications. The pressing demand of developing high-performance electrochemical energy storage solutions, i.e., batteries, relies on both fundamental understanding and practical developments from both the academy and industry. Energy storage has become more and more a limiting factor of today's sustainable energy applications, including electric vehicles and green electric grid based on volatile solar and wind sources.
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